The Tree of Evolution - An Artistic and Historical Voyage
The Evolution of Currency in Ancient Africa
The Bitcoin Disruption
In recent years, the emergence of Bitcoin has sparked a fervent discussion about the nature of currency. However, disruptions in the world of finance are not novel occurrences. Across the ages, our methods of payment have continually evolved—from metal coins used in ancient civilizations like Greece, Rome, and China to gold bullion bars traded by empires like Byzantium and the Inca, and paper banknotes introduced by countries such as China during the Tang Dynasty. Each innovation has left its mark on the landscape of commerce.
The Tree of Evolution
This journey through time and culture is not merely a narrative of economic transactions but a reflection of human ingenuity, societal values, and technological advancements. At the forefront of this narrative lies Next Gen Bronze’s Tree of Evolution, a captivating vessel, charting the evolution of currency and human ingenuity. Inspired by the Oghohen tree, an ancient tree nestled in the forests of Benin City, Nigeria. It’s intricate aerial roots symbolize the interconnectedness of human commerce and the natural world as we embark on a visual and historical odyssey, tracing the evolution of currency from its humble origins to the digital age.
Cowrie Shells: Icons of Wealth and Prestige
These ancient currencies, though primitive by modern standards, laid the foundation for more sophisticated systems of trade and exchange that we have come to know today.
One such system thrived in the ancient Benin Kingdom, where cowrie shells held sway as a form of currency since 16 A.D. These shells, with their deep cultural and spiritual significance, served not only as a medium of exchange but also as symbols of wealth and status.
Manillas: The Copper Currency
As Benin society progressed in complexity, its monetary systems underwent a significant transformation, with the traditional use of cowrie shells giving way to the adoption of copper alloy bracelets known as manillas. These manillas played crucial roles in various transactions, including trade and tribute payments.
The introduction of manillas to Benin is believed to have occurred through established trade routes, particularly facilitated by Portuguese traders during the early stages of European exploration in West Africa. Unlike locally produced manillas, those of Portuguese origin were notably larger and heavier, often adorned with intricate designs and engravings, making them highly coveted by local rulers and elites.
In a fascinating turn of events, manillas later found a new purpose in the hands of the Bronze Casting Guild, where they were creatively utilized to craft exquisite bronze works of high value.
Akan Gold Weights: Masterpieces of Precision
The Akan people of Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire utilized miniature figurines crafted from brass or copper, known as Akan Gold Weights. Although not directly exchanged during transactions, these figurines held immense significance as they served as standards to measure the weight of gold dust, the primary currency in the region. These intricate weights reflected the artistic prowess of the Akan people and showcased their sophisticated trading practices.
Katang Cross: Icons of Prosperity and Honour
The Katanga Cross, forged from copper, held substantial importance as a currency in Central Africa from the 13th to the 20th century. Symbolizing wealth and power, this cross was revered to the extent that prestigious individuals were sometimes buried with it. Beyond its symbolic value, the Katanga Cross was actively used in daily transactions, ranging from acquiring livestock to purchasing firearms. Its enduring legacy underscores its pivotal role in the economic landscape of Central Africa.
Kasai Velvet: Threads of Cultural Richness
Among the Shoowa people of Kuba in the Republic of the Congo, Kasai velvet stood as a testament to both artistic ingenuity and economic utility. Originating in the 17th century, this hand-woven textile, meticulously crafted from dyed fibers of raffia palm leaves, featured vibrant traditional motifs. Serving as a form of currency, Kasai velvet facilitated trade among various ethnic groups in Congo, exemplifying the interconnectedness of cultural exchange and economic activity.
Barkcloth to Trade Beads
In the kingdom of Buganda in central Uganda, a diverse array of currencies was utilized before colonization. From barkcloth to beads (ensinda) and ivory discs (obusanga), each item held its unique value in the local economy. Over time, these traditional currencies were gradually replaced by cowrie shells introduced by coastal traders, marking a significant shift in the region's monetary practices.
Reflections of the Past
As we reflect on this journey through the annals of history, we are reminded that the disruption in currency is not a new phenomenon but rather a testament to human innovation and resilience. From the humble cowrie shell to the digital marvels of cryptocurrency, our means of exchange have evolved in tandem with the societies that created them.
In conclusion, Next Gen Bronze’s Tree of Evolution is a testament to the enduring ingenuity of the human spirit. As we navigate the complexities of the modern financial landscape, let us draw inspiration from the lessons of the past and embrace the opportunities that lie ahead in this ever-changing world of commerce and trade.
Acknowledgments
We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to the following collaborators for their significant contributions to this article:
Roots Galleria: Providing a captivating video reel on "Manillas in Ancient Benin".
Fagosa Bronze Casting: Skilfully crafting the Tree of Evolution.
Verdi Studios: Delivering exceptional photography services for bronze artworks.
References
(Doron, 1982; Picton & Mack, 1983) - African Visual Arts from a Social Perspective
Hon Chief Osayomwanbo Osemwegie Ero - The History of Benin; Ogiso Dynasties
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/629497/unique-currencies-precolonial-africa
On the subject of the cowrie shells, presumably their collection from beaches and waters had to be protected, to avoid slumps in its value. Any idea how that was done? Or were the shells that were used as currency modified in such a way that they couldn't easily be 'faked'?
That's an impressive monument to the Oghohen tree. Is the tree still living? If so, how old is it estimated to be?